How to Read Roman Numerals: Rules, Chart and Examples

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The seven symbols

I = 1, V = 5, X = 10, L = 50, C = 100, D = 500, M = 1000.

Rule 1: add

Numerals are written largest to smallest and added: VIII = 5 + 3 = 8, CLX = 160.

Rule 2: subtract

A smaller numeral before a larger one is subtracted. Only six pairs exist: IV (4), IX (9), XL (40), XC (90), CD (400), CM (900).

Worked example

1994: M (1000) + CM (900) + XC (90) + IV (4) = MCMXCIV. 2026: MM + XX + VI = MMXXVI.

Check with the converter

Type any number or numeral into the Roman Numeral Converter to confirm it before it goes on a tattoo, invitation or engraving.

Frequently asked questions

Why do clocks show IIII?

A long-standing tradition for visual balance; IV is the standard form.

What is the largest standard numeral?

3999 – MMMCMXCIX.

How do I write a date?

Convert day, month and year separately, e.g. X.X.MMXXVI.